This is about something unpleasant which I never heard of before this month, but I am sharing in case readers may benefit from a bit of intel here.
In a family I know with two kids under five, it started with the youngest child after he was likely exposed to unclean water. He vomited once, and then was apparently fine. I may be a bit fuzzy on the timeline, but I think it was the next day that the father came down with symptoms. Besides violent emptying of the GI tract from both ends, he was flat in bed for over 24 hours, hardly able to move. This was initially blamed on food poisoning from a restaurant seafood meal, but by the following day, the mom was feeling weak and shortly succumbed, with similar effects.
A woman went over to help this family. She wore a N-95 type mask and washed her hands diligently. Within a few days, the full symptoms suddenly overtook her, as well. But her husband never got it. The older child in the original family seemed to have escaped, but a couple of days later he came down with similar symptoms, which lasted off and on for several days.
Most likely the culprit here was the “norovirus”. The virus is named after the city of Norwalk, Ohio, where an outbreak occurred in 1968. It bears the charming nickname, “the winter vomiting disease.” Although the effects of the virus are very unpleasant, fortunately they usually last only a couple of days, with full recovery being the norm. The sufferer should acquire immunity to that strain of the virus for six months to two years. Some people may escape becoming symptomatic, based on the bacterial populations in their gut biome.
Since this is an economics blog, here are some quick stats. In the U.S. the norovirus is estimated to cause about 20 million illnesses a year and about half of all foodborne disease outbreaks. Norovirus causes some 900 deaths and 100,000 hospitalizations annually, mostly among adults aged 65 and older. It also leads to nearly 500,000 emergency department visits, mostly involving young children.
A model of the worldwide economic burden of the disease found:
Globally, norovirus resulted in a total of $4.2 billion (95% UI: $3.2–5.7 billion) in direct health system costs and $60.3 billion (95% UI: $44.4–83.4 billion) in societal costs per year. Disease amongst children <5 years cost society $39.8 billion, compared to $20.4 billion for all other age groups combined. Costs per norovirus illness varied by both region and age and was highest among adults ≥55 years. Productivity losses represented 84–99% of total costs varying by region. While low and middle income countries and high income countries had similar disease incidence (10,148 vs. 9,935 illness per 100,000 persons), high income countries generated 62% of global health system costs.
Once it shows up in a family, it is hard to avoid. A reason is that you can be sickened by exposure to as few as ten viral particles, compared to billions that are expelled in a bodily fluid incidents. A doctor reported:
She once acquired a norovirus infection by simply using the same bathroom that had been used earlier in the day by a visiting in-law who was recovering from a recent bout with the stomach bug. That’s because “people who have norovirus can shed the virus for up to two weeks after their symptoms are gone.”
In another case, a diner in a restaurant vomited on the floor. The mess was quickly cleaned up by staff, and other diners continued eating. In the next few days, 90% of the people at the same table as the sick person fell ill, along with 70% of the diners at an adjacent table, and 25% of the folks at a table across the room.
OK, that’s the bad news. How can we fight back? Lengthy handwashing with soap should help, along with quarantining as much as possible. It turns out that alcohol is not very good at killing this bug, so the usual hand sanitizers may be ineffective. Better results can be had cleaning surfaces with a bleach-water solution.
The main care needed is hydration. From what I have read, most Gatorade-type sports drinks do provide needed electrolytes (e.g., sodium and potassium), but probably have more sugar that is optimal for this situation. Gatorade Zero has sucralose in place of sugar, if you are OK with that. Pedialyte is designed for rehydration after diarrhea, and has less sugar and more electrolytes than Gatorade. Avoid “Gatorade Water” – it is just water, with the tiniest “infusion” of sodium and potassium.
If you find yourself stricken, it is reportedly wise to have a wastebasket or other receptable at hand in the bathroom, in case you face urgent activity from both ends at once (trying to word this delicately).
Fun fact I learned researching this topic: if the GI tract has been emptied, best avoid dairy for 48 hours after symptoms stop. That allows lactose in the gut to build back up again.
I have never gone on an extended cruise, partly because I don’t think I could resist the frequent offerings of desserts and snacks. But reading of norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships has given me another reason to stay on terra firma.
Red Lobster used to be a pretty profitable business. Then in 2014 its owners sold it to a private equity firm called Golden Gate Capital. This private equity firm promptly plundered Red Lobster by selling its real estate out from under it, with those funds going to the PE firm. Instead of owning their own land and buildings, now the restaurants had to pay rent to landlords. This put a permanent hurt on the restaurant chain’s profits. I don’t know this as fact, but because it is part of the usual PE playbook, I assume that the PE firm also made Red Lobster issue debt (bonds) so the PE firm could further plunder Red Lobster by having it pay “dividends” to its PE firm owners, using the money raised by issuing the bonds. After this glorious financial engineering, the private equity firm in 2019 sold a 49% stake to a company called Thai Union. Thai Union bought out the rest of Red Lobster ownership from Golden Gate in 2020.
Thai Union did a poor job managing the U.S. based restaurant chain, forcing cost-cutting measures that were counterproductive, and finally forcing a continual all-you-can-eat shrimp special, against the better judgment of on-the-ground Red Lobster management. That shrimp special made Red Lobster buy a lot of Thai Union’s shrimp, but led to large losses last year. The business had been suffering for a couple of years, with Covid shutdowns and competition from nimbler eateries, but the losses from the shrimp special sent it scurrying for bankruptcy protection back in May.
There are two main flavors of business bankruptcy. The direst form is Chapter 7, where the assets of the firm are sold off to meet obligations to creditors, and the firm goes out of business.
The more common form is Chapter 11, where the intent is to keep the business going (see Appendix). Somebody gets stiffed in the process, of course. Usually, common shareholders get almost nothing except maybe a reduced number of shares in the reorganized company. Preferred shareholders often get a few more shares. Unsecured bondholders may get 30-40 cents on the dollar as a settlement, or a reduced amount of bonds in the new company, or maybe stock shares. Sometimes the company will issue a new set of bonds which are “senior” to the old bonds, which reduces the value of old bonds. Other unsecured creditors like vendors may get something like 50 cents on the dollar.
Secured creditors are higher up in the pecking order, and so often get higher recoveries. (The “covenant” for a bond or loan would specify if the loan is secured by, say, the value of the equipment in the restaurant).
Red Lobster restaurants have kept operating this year (2024), while creditors were kept at bay via the protection offered by the bankruptcy filing. As of September, Red Lobster emerged from the chapter 11 bankruptcy. A private equity group has taken over operations. They have injected some $60 million cash, which is actually not very much for this situation.
I was curious about what happened to Red Lobster’s creditors, such as vendors and bond holders. A first-level internet search, even with AI help, did not tell me how they fared as part of the settlement. I had read earlier this year that Red Lobster had something like $ 1 billion in debt, so I assume that a lot of bondholders got stiffed in this process.
In May the company announced that it had “ voluntarily filed for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Florida. The Company intends to use the proceedings to drive operational improvements, simplify the business through a reduction in locations, and pursue a sale of substantially all of its assets as a going concern…Red Lobster’s restaurants will remain open and operating as usual during the Chapter 11 process, continuing to be the world’s largest and most-loved seafood restaurant company. The Company has been working with vendors to ensure that operations are unaffected and has received a $100 million debtor-in-possession (“DIP”) financing commitment from its existing lenders.”
The “working with vendors” is an important piece here. When I peered at the official Red Lobster court bankruptcy website to try to glean more intel on the fate of the creditors, there was a list of leading “Unsecured Creditors”. These included Pepsico (supplying beverages) and Gordon Food Services, a major Canadian food supplier, as well as the owner of the store properties (Realty Income Corporation), which was presumably owed a lot of unpaid back rent.
Ironically, after one private equity firm plundered Red Lobster, then sold it to the hapless Thai Union (which ended up taking a $540 million write-down on their investment), the restaurant chain is now in the hands of yet another PE firm. I could not find definite information on the deal, but again we may assume that the PE firm got the creditors (bondholders, vendors, etc.) to accept “haircuts” on what they were owed, as opposed to getting almost nothing if Red Lobster went Chapter 7 and shut down. Thus, the new PE firm will start off with a relatively virgin company to plunder again.
My Brave AI search agrees with that assessment:
The company’s restructuring efforts may prioritize the interests of new investors and creditors over those of existing bondholders, potentially resulting in a less favorable outcome for bondholders… It is likely that the bondholders will be subject to a restructuring plan that may involve debt forgiveness, debt-for-equity swaps, or other arrangements that could result in a loss of principal or interest for the bondholders.
The text below is from the North Carolina bankruptcy law firm Stubbs Perdue:
Chapter 11 bankruptcy is a legal process that allows businesses to reorganize their debts and operations while continuing to operate. Unlike Chapter 7, which involves liquidating assets to pay off creditors, Chapter 11 aims to restructure a company’s obligations to improve financial stability and pave the way for future growth. Chapter 13, on the other hand, is typically reserved for individuals with a regular income, focusing on debt repayment plans.
Typical Chapter 11 Process
Chapter 11 process typically involves several key steps:
Filing the Petition: The process begins with the company filing a petition in bankruptcy court.
Developing a Reorganization Plan: The company works with its creditors to create a plan that outlines how it will restructure its debts and operations.
Negotiating with Creditors: The plan is subject to approval by the court and the creditors, who may negotiate the terms to protect their interests.
Throughout this process, the court plays a supervisory role to ensure fair treatment of all parties involved.
There tends to be a significant rise in broad stock indices the last two weeks of the old year and into the first two trading days of the new year. This is termed the “Santa Claus” rally. Sometimes it is focused on the last five trading days of the old and the first two days of the new.
Here is a chart showing average changes in S&P 500 prices for the month of December for 1970-2023 (blue line), and more recent data (last ten years, orange line).
Tax-loss harvesting: Investors may sell stocks at the end of a year to claim capital losses, to offset capital gains. They may then repurchase these stocks at the start of the new year.
Low trading volume: Larger institutional investors often go on holiday in this timeframe, leaving the market more to individual retail investors, who may be more optimistic.
Herd mentality: If most investors believe stocks will go up, then probably stocks will go up.
Santa Predicts the Future
Perhaps even more significant is the power of the Santa Claus rally to predict stock returns in the coming year. The following table lists returns for the last five trading days of the old year plus the first two days of the new year, and also the returns for the whole new year:
The table above was published in 2023, so the full year 2023 stock returns at that point were “TBD”. We now know the 2023 returns were hugely positive (approx. 23%). So, for 1999-2023, Santa came to town 19 out of 24 times for a year-end rally. Also, since 1999, the market rose 19 times during the Santa Claus rally; the following year, the S&P posted gains 15 times. Out of the 5 times the market lost ground during same period, the market fell in 3 of the following years. So the market performance in this transitional timeframe correlates well with the stock gains for the whole new year.
Will stocks soar again this holiday season? I have no idea. We are off to a shaky start, with the S&P 500 down about 1.5% in the past five days , through 12/22. This after the market hated the Fed’s more hawkish stance last week, being now likely slower to reduce interest rates than previously assumed.
As usual, nothing here should be considered advice to buy or sell any security.
Americans spend far more on health care than anywhere else in the world but we have the lowest life expectancy among large, wealthy countries.
A lot of that can be explained by the unique aspects of our health care system. Among other things, we reward doctors more for medical procedures than for keeping people healthy, keep costs hidden from customers and spend money on tasks that have nothing to do making patients feel better.
“We spend more on administrative costs than we do on caring for heart disease and caring for cancer,” said Harvard University economist David Cutler. “It’s just an absurd amount.”
The article notes that the whole system is skewed towards high costs. It is not just profiteering insurance companies. Seven factors are listed. I will excerpt them in italics below, and close with a few of my comments.
Reason 1: Lack of price limits
U.S. hospitals have more specialists than do medical facilities in other nations. Having access to 24/7 specialty care, particularly for hospitals in major metro areas, drives up costs… Patients have more elbow room and privacy here. U.S. hospitals typically have either one or two patients per room, unlike facilities abroad that tend to have open wards with rows of beds, Chernew said. He said differences in labor markets and regulatory requirements also can pack on costs.
Of the $4.5 trillion spent on U.S. health care in 2022, hospitals collected 30% of that total health spending, according to data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Doctors rank second at 20%. Prescription drugs accounted for 9% and health insurance − both private health insurance and government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid − collect 7% in administrative costs.
Reason 2: Hospitals and doctors get paid for services, not outcomes
Doctors, hospitals and other providers are paid based on the number of tests and procedures they order, not necessarily whether patients get better. The insurer pays the doctor, hospital or lab based on negotiated, in-network rates between the two parties.
Critics of this fee-for-service payment method says it rewards quantity over quality. Health providers who order more tests or procedures get more lucrative payments whether the patients improve or not.
Reason 3: Specialists get paid much more ‒ and want to keep it that way
Doctors who provide specialty care such as cardiologists or cancer doctors get much higher payments from Medicare and private insurers than primary care doctors.
Some see that as a system that rewards doctors who specialize in caring for patients with complex medical conditions while skimping on pay for primary care doctors who try to prevent or limit disease.
[My comment: There is a saying in management science that your system is perfectly designed for the results you are getting. In other nations with a fixed pot of money, doled out by the government, to mainly non-profit health providers, there is (in theory, at least) an incentive system that would work towards minimizing overall health expenses. In the U.S., though, we have a mainly for-profit system, that collects more moolah the more health problems we have, and the more expensive are the treatments. Most healthcare providers try to be noble-minded and work for the good of their patients, but still the overall financial incentives are what they are. The health insurance companies are one of the few forces working against endless upward spiraling of healthcare costs. ]
Under the current system, doctors are chosen or approved by the American Medical Association to a 32-member committee which recommends values for medical services that Medicare then considers when deciding how much to pay doctors. Some have compared the idea of doctors setting their own payscale to the proverbial fox guarding the henhouse.
Reason 4: Administrative costs inflate health spending
One of the biggest sources of wasted medical spending is on administrative costs, several experts told USA TODAY….Harvard’s Cutler estimates that up to 25% of medical spending is due to administrative costs.
Health insurers often require doctors and hospitals to get authorization before performing procedures or operations. Or they mandate “step therapy,” which makes patients try comparable lower-cost prescription drugs before coverage for a doctor-recommended drug kicks in. These mandates trigger a flurry of communication and tasks for both health insurers and doctors.
Reason 5: Health care pricing is a mystery
Patients often have no idea how much a test or a procedure will cost before they go to a clinic or a hospital. Health care prices are hidden from the public. …An MRI can cost $300 or $3,000, depending on where you get it. A colonoscopy can run you $1,000 to $10,000.
Economists cited these examples of wide-ranging health care prices in a request that Congress pass the Health Care Price Transparency Act 2.0, which would require hospitals and health providers to disclose their prices.
Reason 6: Americans pay far more for prescription drugs than people in other wealthy nations
There are no price limits on prescription drugs, and Americans pay more for these life-saving medications than residents of other wealthy nations.
U.S prescription drug prices run more than 2.5 times those in 32 comparable countries, according to a 2023 HHS report…. Novo Nordisk charged $969 a month for Ozempic in the U.S. ‒ while the same drug costs $155 in Canada, $122 in Denmark, and $59 in Germany, according to a document submitted by Sanders.
[My comment: Yes, this disparity irks me greatly].
Reason 7: Private Equity
Wall Street investors who control private equity firms have taken over hospitals and large doctors practices, with the primary goal of making a profit. The role of these private equity investors has drawn increased scrutiny from government regulators and elected officials.
One example is the high-profile bankruptcy of Steward Health Care, which formed in 2010 when a private equity firm, acquired a financially struggling nonprofit hospital chain from the Archdiocese of Boston.
… Private equity investors also have targeted specialty practices in certain states and metro regions.
Last year, the Federal Trade Commission sued U.S. Anesthesia Partners over its serial acquisition of practices in Texas, alleging these deals violated antitrust laws and inflated prices for patients. …FTC Chair Lina Khan has argued such rapid acquisitions allowed the doctors and private equity investors to raise prices for anesthesia services and collect “tens of millions of extra dollars for these executives at the expense of Texas patients and businesses.”
[ This also concerns me. That anesthesia monopoly should never have been allowed, in my opinion. The reason the PE firm paid to acquire all those individual practices was so that they could raise prices while minimizing services. Duh. That is the PE gamebook. When they do a corporate takeover, they nearly always fire employees and raise prices on products, to goose profits. This would not be a problem if the business were, say, selling pet rocks, but healthcare is different.
In many metro areas now, nearly all healthcare providers (even if they seem to retain their private practices) have become part of one or two mega conglomerates that cover the area. I feel fortunate because at least on of the mega conglomerates in my area is a high-quality non-profit, but I pity those whose only choice is between two for-profits.]
Final comments: I think another factor here is in our private enterprise system, it is so costly to become a doctor that they have to charge relatively high fees to compensate. This leads to a system where there are layers and layers of admins and nurses to shield you from actually seeing the doctor. As an example, I sliced my finger a couple of years ago, and went to an urgent care facility. There was an admin at the desk who took down my insurance info and relayed my condition to the back. Some time later, an aide took me back and weighed me and took my blood pressure. I think a nurse swung by as well. Finally, The Doctor Himself sailed in, to actually patch me up. And of course there were layers of administrative paperwork between me, the care facility, and my insurance company, to settle all the charges.
In contrast, a friend told me that when he broke his arm in the UK, he went to the local clinic, which was staffed by a doctor, and no one else. The doc set his arm, charged him some nominal fee, and sent him on his way.
There are other factors, I’m sure, such as the unhealthy lifestyle choices of many Americans. Think: obesity and opioids, among others. I suspect that is to blame for the poorer health outcomes in this country, more than the healthcare system.
In favor of the current U.S. system, although we pay much more, I think we do get something in return. It seems that with a good health plan, the availability of procedures is better in the U.S. than in many other countries, though I am open to correction on that.
For decades, our family favorite holiday cookie recipe has been a hearty ginger cookie containing, among other things, wheat germ. The original recipe author claimed that these cookies “got my family through Alaskan winters”. That’s hard core.
With my family’s help, I made big batches for decades to hand out among colleagues at work. This always included my boss and boss’s boss, and their admins. (Cynics may think what they wish of my motives there.) Also, we like to hand out small, decorated bags of cookies to all our neighbors for several houses in all directions. We like to try to build community as we can, and this is often the only time we get to exchange words with some neighbors.
However, there are two downsides to that ginger cookie. First, it is very labor-intensive. The final mixing with a stiff dough takes a lot of muscle, and forming the cookies takes an assembly line with multiple steps: with the help of a spoon, form the sticky dough into a ball, then roll the ball in sugar, then place on baking tray, then press a blanched almond (can only find these in specialty vendors these days) into the top of the ball. Second, this ginger cookie is a bit on the dry side – – I would usually recommend consuming them with coffee or milk as I handed them out.
Two years ago, however, an esteemed family member pointed me to a radically different recipe, for an oatmeal chocolate chip cookie. That seemed kind of decadent compared to my old favorite, but worth a try. It solved the two drawbacks for the ginger cookies. Making it is easy, just scoop into the dough and plop onto the cookie sheet. (I did buy a cookie scoop for this). And there was no need to apologize for dryness. These babies are just plain delicious. So now I make large batches of these cookies to hand out to neighbors at Christmas.
Without further ado, here is a link to the recipe for Chewy Oatmeal Chocolate Chip Cookies, by Sally McKenney of Sally’s Baking Addition. You do have to follow the directions, including the step of creaming the butter (see links in recipe for what “room temperature” means) and sugar, and using old-fashioned (not instant) oatmeal.
Here are some of my tweaks to this recipe:
Make two double batches, in two separate large bowls. Chill in fridge several hours. Set aside several hours to bake them all.
Don’t bother creaming butter alone. Just add sugars to butter and stir in with wood spoon, then beaters. Add flour, using spoon and then beaters. For adding oats, chips, etc., just use spoon.
I backed out some of the chocolate chips, and added chopped walnuts: so, in each double batch I have total 3 c choc chips (e.g. 2.25 c regular chips, ¾ c mini chips), plus 1 c chopped walnuts. It’s worth getting good chocolate chips. Ghirardelli seems to be the best chocolate chip. Guittard also gets raves.
The recipe calls for big cookies (a full, large scoop, about 3 Tbsp), but those may spread too much, and I want more cookies, so I use about ¾ full large scoop.
Bake at 355 F instead of 350 F, to speed it up a bit. (My oven is wimpy, electric). Parchment paper works well to keep cookies from sticking.
In March and April of this year, I moaned and groaned here in blogland, chronicling my attempts to recover my funds from an interest-bearing account at crypto firm BlockFi.
Back in 2021, interest rates had been so low for so long that that seemed to be the new normal. Yields on stable assets like money market funds were around 0.3% (essentially zero, and well below inflation), as I recall. As a yield addict, I scratched around for a way to earn higher interest, while sticking with an asset where (unlike bonds) the dollar value would stay fairly stable.
It was an era of crypto flourishing, and so I latched onto the notion of decentralized finance (DeFi) lending. I found what seemed to be a reputable, honest company called BlockFi, where I could buy stablecoin (constant dollar value) crypto assets which would sit on their platform. They would lend them out into the crypto world, and pay me something like 9 % interest. That was really, really good money back then, compared to 0.3%.
On this blog, I chronicled some of my steps in this journal. First, in signing up for BlockFi, I had to allow the intermediary company Plaid complete access to my bank account. Seriously, I had to give them my username and password, so they could log in as me, and not only be able to withdraw all my funds, but see all my banking transactions and history. That felt really violating, so I ended up setting up a small auxiliary bank account for Plaid to use and snoop to their heart’s content.
BlockFi assured me that they only loaned my assets out to “Trusted institutional counterparties” with a generous margin of collateral. What could possibly go wrong??
What went wrong is that BlockFi as a company got into some close relationship with Sam Bankman-Fried’s company, FTX. Back in 2021-2022, twenty-something billionaire Sam Bankman-Fried (“SBF”) was the whiz kid, the visionary genius, the white knight savior of the crypto universe. In several cases, when some crypto enterprise was tottering, he would step in and invest funds to stabilize things. This reminded some of the role that J. P. Morgan had played in staving off the financial panics of 1893 and 1907. SBF was feted and lauded and quoted endlessly.
For reasons I never understood, BlockFi as a company was having a hard time turning a profit, so I think the plan was for FTX to acquire them. That process was partway along, when the great expose’ of SBF as a self-serving fraudster occurred at the end of 2022. FTX quickly declared bankruptcy, which forced BlockFi to go BK as well. SBF was eventually locked up, but so were the funds I had put into BlockFi. The amount was not enough to threaten my lifestyle, but it was enough to be annoying.
BlockFi Assets Begin to Thaw
I got emails from BlockFi every few months, assuring customers that they would do what they could to return our assets. Their bankruptcy proceedings kept things locked, but eventually they started to return some money.
As I noted in a blog post, in April, 2024, I was able to recover about 27% of my account. At the time, there was no clear prospect of getting the rest. Along the way, I clicked on a well-camouflaged scam email link, which gave me some heartburn but fortunately no harm came of it.
And now, hooray, they have finally returned it all, following their successful claw-back of assets from SBF’s organization(s). This vindicates my sense that the BlockFi management was/is fundamentally honest and good-willed, and was just a victim of SBF’s machinations.
Some personal takeaways from all this:
Keep allocations smallish to outlier investments
Sell out at the first serious signs of trouble
Triple-check before clicking on any link in an email
Having been forced to engage in opening crypto wallets and transferring coins, I have a better feel for the world of crypto which had seemed like a black box. It does not draw me like it does some folks, but if circumstances ever require me to deal in crypto (relocate to Honduras?), I could do it.
It seems to be an accepted fact that there is a momentum effect with stock prices: a stock which has done well over the past 6-12 months is likely to continue to do better than average over the next six months or so. A number of funds (ETFs) have been devised which try to take advantage of this factor.
On the other hand, sometimes trends reverse, and stock that was hot twelve months ago has now run up in price, and may be due for a pause.
Here we will compare several momentum ETFs against the plain S&P 500 fund, SPY. In order to make it an apples-to-apples comparison, I am looking mainly at momentum funds that primarily draw from the S&P 500 large cap universe of stocks, excluding small-cap or tech only funds. [1] These large cap momentum funds are MTUM, JMOM, and SPMO. These funds all select stocks according to various rules. Besides trying to identify stocks with raw price momentum, these rules typically aim to minimize risk or volatility. I added one outlier, GMOM, that is very diversified. This fund does not hold individual stocks. Rather, it draws on some 50 different ETFs, including funds that focus on fixed income, commodities, or international or small cap as well as large cap US stocks, seeking to hold funds that show good relative momentum.
A plot of total returns over the past three years for these funds is shown below. It can be seen that plain SPY (orange line) beat all of the momentum funds except for SPMO (green line) in this timeframe. This is partly explained by the fact that SPY itself is a sort of momentum fund: the more a given stock’s price goes up, the bigger its representation in this capital-weighted fund. Also, over the past ten years or so, simply the biggest companies (the big tech quasi-monopolies like Google, Microsoft, etc.) have been generating more and more earnings, leaving the traditional auto and oil companies and banks, etc., in the dust.
By not focusing on U.S. large cap stocks, the diversified GMOM (marked with purple highlighter line) is less volatile. Its price did not drop nearly as much as the other funds in 2022, but it missed out on the great 2023-2024 stock run-up. SPMO (marked with green highlighter) really took off in that 2023-2024 big tech fiesta, by virtue of being concentrated in stocks like Nvidia, which went up roughly 10X in this timeframe. But this outperformance may be something of a one-off lucky strike. SPMO is still about the best of the momo funds, normally at least keeping up with SPY, but it does not consistently outperform it.
The five-year plot below illustrates similar trends, though it is a bit harder to read. Again, SPMO (green highlighter) largely keeps up with SPY, with a big outperformance spurt at the end. And GMOM is pretty flat; that really hurt it in the big 2020-2021 runup of big tech stocks. Over this five-year timeframe, JMOM kept up with SPY, and actually edged a bit ahead. MTUM, like most of the stock momo funds, actually ran ahead of SPY in the 2020-2021 runup, but fell somewhat more in 2022, and then got left in the dust in 2023. It is likely that it fell prey to trend reversal, which is a constant hazard for momentum funds. For most of 2022, the “best” stocks were dull value stocks, while tech stocks did terribly. Thus, a plain momentum algo fund would come into 2023 loaded with non-tech stocks. I suspect that is what happened to MTUM.
It happens that the SPMO algo has features that try to protect it from loading up on non-growth stocks during a bear market. So, it seems to be the best general momentum stock fund. It selects stocks which have shown positive momentum over the past twelve months, with the most recent month excluded (so as not to discriminate against a stock which had a temporary drop). Its chief vulnerability is that it only updates its holdings once every six months (mid-March and mid-September), so it is often acting on very old information. (Supposedly, it is better to update a momentum fund every three months).
How does SPMO compare to a top actively-managed fund like FFLC or plain growth stock fund SCHG? The three-year plot below shows that FFLC (blue line, 63% total return) beat SPMO (green line, 50% return). Although SPMO had an impressive surge in the past year, FFLC just kept steadily outperforming SPY over the whole three-year period. This suggests that having good human judgement at the helm, able to adapt to differing market environments (2022 bear vs. 2023-2024 tech bull) can do better than a single, focused algorithm. I prefer a fund which keeps steadily outperforming “the market” (i.e., S&P 500) rather than one which only occasionally has moments of glory, so I hold more FFLC than SPMO.
In the plot above, the growth fund SCHG suffered more in 2022 when the tech high-flyers fell to earth, but made up for it in 2023-2024, to end up matching SPY over three years. On longer time-frames, SCHG handily beats SPY, as we noted in an earlier article on growth stocks.
[1] See this Insider Monkey article for a listing of ten best U.S. stock momentum funds. Some of these focus on small cap, mid cap, or technology stocks.
Will Growth Stocks Continue to Trounce Value Stocks?
It’s no secret that growth stocks, mainly big tech companies like Apple and Microsoft, have massively out-performed so-called value stocks in the past fifteen years. Value stocks tend to have lower price/earnings and steady earnings and low price/earnings. They include sectors such as petroleum, utilities, traditional banks, and consumer products. These companies often pay substantial dividends from their cash flow.
Here are some charts which make the point. This 2005-early 2023 chart shows value stocks (blue curve) having a small edge 2005-2008, then the growth stocks (orange curve) keep ripping higher and higher. Financial stocks, which mainly fall in the value category, were hit particularly hard in the 2008-2009 downturn.
Here is a bar chart display of annual returns of value stocks (blue bars) and of growth stocks for the years 1993-2022. In 1997-1999 growth stocks outperformed. This was the great tech bubble – I remember it well, investors were shoveling money into any enterprise with a customer-facing website, whether or not there was any reasonable path to profitability. Reality caught up in 2000 (“What was I thinking??”), tech stock prices crashed and then tech was hated for a couple of years. But by 2009 or so, today’s big tech firms had emerged and established their quasi-monopolies, and started actually making money and even more money.
So, is the answer to just allocate all your equity portfolio to big tech and walk away? This is a question I have been asking myself. Even as growth stocks dominate year after year, there have continued to be voices warning that this is anomaly; historically, value stocks have performed better. So, with the sky-high valuations of today’s big tech, there is due to be a big mean reversion where the “Magnificent 7” get crushed, and Big Banks and Big Oil and Proctor & Gamble and even humble utilities finally get to shine.
I don’t have a chart that goes that far back, but I have read that over the past 100 years, value has usually beat “growth”. Here is a hard-to-read plot of value vs growth for 1975-2024. I have added yellow highlighter lines to mark major trend periods. Growth underperformed 1975-1990, then growth picked up steam and culminated in the peak in the middle of the chart at 2000. Growth then underperformed 2000-2008, as noted earlier, as the excesses of the tech bubble were unwound, and people made paper fortunes in the real estate bubble of 2001-2007.
Growth has dominated since 2009, excerpt for 2022. That was the year the Fed raised interest rates, which tends to punish growth stocks. However, with their unstoppable increases in earnings (accounting for the vast majority of the earnings in the whole S&P 500), big tech has come roaring back. Yes, they sport high P/E ratios, but they have the earnings and the growth to largely justify their high valuations.
I have been influenced by the continual cautions about growth stocks becoming overvalued. Many an expert has advocated for value stocks. In June of this year, Bank of America head of US equity strategy Savita Subramanian told an audience at the Morningstar Investment Conference: “I have one message to you: Buy large-cap value.” So, for the past couple of years, I have gone relatively light on big tech and have over-allocated to “safer” investments like fixed income and value stocks. Silly me.
In the last few months, I finally decided to give up fighting the dominant trend, and so I put some funds into SCHG, which is specifically large cap growth, and in other growth-heavy funds. As you may imagine, these funds are loaded with Nvidia and Meta and other big tech. They have done very well since then.
How about going forward? Will the growth dominance continue, or will the dreaded mean reversion strike at last? At some point, I suspect that big tech earnings will slow down to where their high valuations can no longer be supported. But I don’t know when that will be, so I will just stay diversified.
Boilerplate disclaimer: Nothing here should be taken as advice to buy or sell any security.
Typically, the federal government spends more than it takes in. This has been going on for decades. At moderate levels, i.e. moderate debt/GDP ratios, this is not cause for concern. Presumably the national economy will grow enough to service the debt.
Historically, deficit spending would temporarily increase during some crisis like a major recession or major war, then it quickly tapered back down again. There was a general understanding, it seems, among most voters and most politicians that huge deficits were not healthy; one would not want to burden future generations with a lot of debt.
During the 2020-2021 epidemic experience, however, politicians found they got instant popularity by handing out trillions in stimulus money; anyone who squeaked that we couldn’t afford this much largesse got run over. And this spend-big, tax-small mentality has now become entrenched. Both presidential candidates have been traversing the nation promising juicy tax cuts. Apparently, we the people have decided to vote ourselves lots of free money right now, and the heck with future generations.
Here is a forecast from the Congressional Budget Office, with the optimistic assumption that we will never get another recession, showing that the recent levels of deficit are much higher than historical norms:
This is just the yearly deficit, not the exponentially-growing accumulated debt. The influence of the total debt may be seen in the mushrooming interest outlays. Below is another chart with data from the St Louis Fed, displaying both deficit level and unemployment over the past 80 years. Again, deficit spending would ramp up during recessions, due to reduced tax revenue and increased spending on unemployment benefits, etc., but then it would ramp right back down again. It failed to come back down completely after the 2008-2009 recession, and indeed started ramping up around 2016, even with low unemployment.
I don’t see this trend changing, and so investors need to take this into account. Here I will summarize some key points from analyst Lyn Alden Schwartzer in her article on the Seeking Alpha investing site titled Why Nothing Stops The Fiscal Train.
She notes that besides the primary deficit, the interest paid on the federal debt is a transfer of money to mainly the private sector, and so is further stimulus. This is one factor that has helped keep the economy stronger, and inflation higher, than it would otherwise be.
Some key bullet points in the article are
The U.S. faces structurally high fiscal deficits driven by unbalanced Social Security, inefficient healthcare spending, foreign adventurism, accumulated debt interest, and political polarization.
Investment implications suggest favoring equities and scarce assets over bonds, with defensive positions in T-bills, gold, and inflation-protected Treasury notes.
Fiscal dominance will likely lead to persistent inflation, asset price volatility, and potential stagflation, making traditional recession indicators less reliable.
A neutral-to-negative outlook on U.S. stocks in inflation-adjusted terms, with better prospects for international equities and cyclical mid-sized U.S. stocks.
She suggests looking to the recent histories of emerging economies to see what happens in nations with perhaps stagnating real economies kept afloat by ongoing federal deficits. Her tentative five-year outlook for investing is bearish on the major U.S. stock indices (gotten overpriced) and on government bonds (real returns, in light of anticipated ongoing inflation, will be low), but bullish on international stocks, inflation-protected bonds, short-term T-bills, gold, and bitcoin (again, all mainly driven by expected stubborn inflation as the money supply keeps growing):
-For U.S. stocks, I have a neutral-to-negative view on the major U.S. stock indices in inflation-adjusted terms. They’re starting from an expensive baseline, and with a high ratio of household investable assets already stuffed into them. However, I do think that among the universe of more cyclical and/or mid-sized stocks that make up smaller portions of the U.S. indices, there are plenty of reasonably priced ones with better forward prospects.
-For international stocks, I think the 2024-2025 Fed interest rate cutting cycle is one of the first true windows for them to have a period of outperformance relative to U.S. stocks for a change. It doesn’t mean that they certainly will follow through with that, but my base case is for a meaningful asset rotation cycle to occur, with some of the underperforming international equity markets having a period of outperformance. At the very least, I would want some exposure to them in an overall portfolio, to account for that possibility.
-For developed market government bonds, like the U.S. and elsewhere, I don’t have a positive long-term outlook in terms of maintaining purchasing power. A ten-year U.S. Treasury note currently yields about 3.7%, while money supply historically grows by an average of 7% per year, and $20 trillion in net Treasury debt is expected to hit the market over the next decade. So I think the long end of the curve is a useful trading sardine, but not something I want to have passive long exposure to.
-A five-year inflation-protected Treasury note, however, pays about 1.7% above CPI, and I view that as a reasonable position for the defensive portion of a portfolio. T-bills are also useful for the defensive portion of a portfolio. They’re not my favorite assets, but there are worse assets out there than these.
-Gold remains interesting for this five-year period, although it might be tactically overbought in the near-term. It has had a nice breakout in 2024, but is still relatively under-owned by most metrics, and should benefit from the U.S. rate cutting cycle. So I’m bullish as a base case.
-Bitcoin has been highly correlated with global liquidity, and I expect that to continue. My five-year outlook on the asset is very bullish, but the volatility must be accounted for in position sizes for a given portfolio and its requirements.
I’ll add two comments on this list. First, the bond market is usually pretty good about figuring things out, and has evidently realized that endless huge deficits mean endless huge bond issuance and ongoing inflation. Thus, even though the Fed is lowering short-term rates, bond buyers have started demanding higher rates on long-term bonds. And so long-term government bonds may not be as bad as Schwartzer thinks.
Second, for reasons described in The Kalecki Profit Equation: Why Government Deficit Spending (Typically) MUST Boost Corporate Earnings, when you work through the various sectoral balances in the macro economy, most of the huge deficit spend dollars will end up in either corporate earnings or in the foreign trade deficit. So the ongoing deficits will continue to buoy up U.S. corporate earnings, and hence U.S. stock prices.
For many people nowadays, investing in “stocks” means buying a fund like SPY or VOO which tracks the large cap S&P 500 index, or maybe QQQ or QQQM which track the tech-heavy NASDAQ 100 index. These types of funds are exchange-traded funds (ETFs), which very low annual fees (around 0.2% or so). These are so-called passive funds, which mechanically buy and sell stocks such that their holdings match what is in their respective indices. No extra judgment on stock picking is required.
An alternative is to pick stocks yourself, or to buy into a fund with active management, where humans (and their algorithms) try to buy stocks which will beat the passive indices, and try to avoid losing stocks. The active versus passive debate has been going on for decades. There will always be some active funds that outperform in any given year. These successes help keep the allure of active management alive. On average, though, the performance of active funds (before fees) is generally not much different than the passive funds. Thus, with their added fees, the active funds are net losers.
However, there are always cheerful fund managers with a story on how they have a plan to kill it this year, and there are investors willing to buy those stories. Sometimes these fund managers take financial advisors out for expensive lunches, and, behold, said advisors then recommend these actively managed funds to their clients. And so, there are plenty of active funds that still exist. New ones are minted every year, even as some older ones go out of business.
A problem with benchmarking against a cap-weighted fund like SPY or QQQ is that these passive indices are actually very effective. These work as closet momentum-rewarding funds: as the share price of, say, Microsoft goes up and up (presumably because of accelerating earnings), its representation among the biggest 500 companies (by stock capitalization) goes up. Thus, the better, growing companies automatically keep making bigger contributions to the indices, while fading companies sink to lower and lower per cent weighting. That works well to relentlessly home in on the relatively few stocks that account for the gains of the entire market, and to weed down all those other firms, most of which are net losers on stock price over time. This algorithm governing the cap weighted funds is tough for active management to beat.
Having stated these challenges, I’d like to compare performance of some actively-managed funds that have shown enhanced performance in recent years. The problem is, of course, we cannot know if this outperformance will continue. But hopefully looking at performance and discussing the underlying strategies of the funds may help investors decide if they would like to participate in any of them.
Two broad categories of stock funds are growth and value. Growth looks at how fast a firm is increasing revenues, earnings, etc. Most tech stocks command high share prices because of their growth prospects, rather than current earnings (although many of the current big tech leaders generate gobs of cash). Value looks at measures such as price/earnings and price/sales and price/book value, hoping to find undervalued firms whose price does not yet reflect the underlying value. Tech funds are generally under-represented in the value category.
Here we will look at five good actively-managed ETFs, and compare total returns (with dividends reinvested) to the S&P 500 fund SPY. They all claim to incorporate both growth and value into their stock picking. These five funds are:
SPGP – This is a supposed “growth at a reasonable price” fund, which seems to weight value more than growth. In top ten holdings, there is only one tech stock, a 2.7% weighting of Nvidia. There are four petroleum companies, and diverse smattering of other types of firms.
GARP – Another “growth at a reasonable price” (note “G.A.R.P.”) fund. This tilts heavily toward growth: seven of the top ten holdings are tech, with 5.43% Nvidia.
PVAL – As indicated in the name (Putnam Focused Large Cap Value), this is a value fund, but with some growth considerations – – The top ten are: Walmart (retail), Exxon Mobil (petro), Thermo Fisher Scientific, Citigroup, Bank of America (finance), Oracle (tech), UnitedHealth Group (healthcare), Coca-Cola, NXP Semiconductors, and PulteGroup (homebuilder).
MOAT – – “VanEck Morningstar Wide Moat” – This fund seeks to replicate the performance of the Morningstar® Wide Moat Focus Index, which in turn tries to identify a diverse group of U.S. large companies with wide “moats”, that give them sustainable advantages over competitors. Four measures are used to determine a corporation’s dominance: Intangible Assets (brands, patents, proprietary technologies); Switching Costs (inconvenient for the customer to find an alternative); Network Effect (when customers use one service, they adopt additional company services); Cost Advantage.
FFLC – This fund uses “fundamental analysis” and looks for companies that can take advantage of trends in “technological advances, product innovation, economic plans, demographics, social attitudes, and other factors”. An analysis of the fund’s holdings (heavy in big tech; 6% Nvidia) shows a strong focus on growth and momentum, with a moderate value weighting.
All these funds have plausible rationales for choosing the stocks they do. A big question is always: how much of a company’s promise is already reflected in its stock price? If everyone else has already figured out that, say, Microsoft will have high sustained earnings growth, then maybe the current share price is so high that it will not go up any faster than the broad market.
Now for the charts. I will discuss 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year charts, so we can see how the fund strategies worked in different market regimes. The one-year chart covers the raging bull market of the past twelve months, especially in AI-related tech/growth stocks. The 3-year chart encompasses a lengthy bear episode that occupied most of 2022, in reaction to the raising of interest rates to tamp down inflation. The 5-year chart includes the brief but sharp pandemic panic March-April 2020, sandwiched in a huge rise in internet-related big tech stocks 2019-2021.
One-Year Chart
Over the past one year, GARP (52% return) soared way above S&P 500 (blue line, 39%), but with high volatility, consistent with its heavy growth/tech exposure. FFLC steadily pulled ahead of SP500 over the past twelve months, racking up a 47% return. PVAL and MOAT finished close to SP500, while tech-poor SPGP flat-lined in the most recent six months and so got left far behind.
Three-Year Chart (End Oct 2021-end Oct 2024)
The defining features of the past three years were a roughly 21% bear market decline in S&P 500 during Jan-Oct 2022, followed by a strong recovery, which was interrupted by a moderate slump July-Oct 2023. FFLC and PVAL performed nearly identically for the first third of this time period (through early March, 2023). They dropped much less than SP500 in 2022, and so by early March, 2023 they were some 15% ahead of SP500. PVAL’s lead over SP500 shrank a bit over the next twelve months, and then widened March-July 2024, to give PVAL (43%) a 16% advantage over SP500 (27%) at the end of three years. FFLC just kept steadily widening its lead over SP500, ending with a 58% return over this three-year time period. MOAT and SPGP also fell less than SP500 in 2022, but fell more than PVAL and FFLC, and they did not keep pace with the tech-led surge in 2023-2024. In the end, MOAT finished essentially even with SPY, and SPGP finished lower (18%). Tech-heavy GARP crashed harder than SP500 in 2022, but more than made up for it with the 2024 tech-fest, finishing well above SP500 and tied with PVAL at 43%.
I won’t show the full five-year chart, since some of the funds did not start prior to that period. But I will make a few semi-quantitative comments. The five-year time period is a little kinder to SPGP – this fund showed a fairly consistent lead over SP500 in 2021 as well as 2022, and so got rave reviews then in the investing literature. It was only in the past six months that it performed so poorly.
FFLC got off to a rocky start, falling about 10% behind SP500 in 2020-2021, although its winning ways since then gave it the overall best 5-year performance. GARP and MOAT pretty much kept pace with SP500 Oct 2019-Oct 2021, so their five-year performance vs SP500 is about the same as for three-year (GARP soundly beat SP500, MOAT roughly tied).
One more chart (below), a five-year comparison of SP500 to FFLC (overall winner among the active funds discussed above) and GARP (tech-heavy) to QQQ (passive, tech-heavy, tracks NASDAQ 100 stocks) and SSO (its stock price moves up and down 2X the daily price movement of S&P500). GARP didn’t start operation till early 2020 (marked by red arrow on chart), to its curve should be shifted up to make a fair comparison with the others; with this correction, it would end up roughly tied with FFLC, with both these funds beating SP500 by about 33% (135% return vs 92%). But even these stellar active funds were soundly beaten by QQQ and even more by the passive 2X fund SSO. Holders of SSO, however, would have suffered heart-stopping drawdowns along the way (e.g. over 50% loss in market value in early 2020).
Readers can draw their own conclusions from this flyover of results. Just like you can fool people some of the time, any active fund may beat “the market” (e.g., S&P 500) some of the time. Some active funds seem to beat the market most of the time. But it is most unlikely that any given fund will beat it all of the time. The S&P 500 algorithm is actually pretty effective. It may behoove the investor to make their own judgement as to what market regime we are in or are about to be in, and to choose active funds which are more likely to thrive in that regime.
I am motivated to include some FFLC (for overall consistent good performance) and PVAL (for a bit of crash protection) in my holdings. But I recognize that their performance could deteriorate in the future, if their investing style no longer works in some new market regime. SPGP is a cautionary example, going from rock star in 2021-2022 to awful in 2024. Even FFLC had an unfavorable first year of operation. The tech giants that dominate QQQ continue to also dominate earnings growth, so QQQ may continue to outpace SP500.
As far as SSO, I earlier wrote on strategies for 2X returns using 2X funds or call options. If you think stocks are going to keep going up, it can make sense to hold these 2X funds. Many advisors, though, recommend against just buy and hold because of the enormous possible losses in a crash; too many investors panic and sell at a low price in that situation. I hold some QLD, which is a 2X QQQ fund, but only as a minor component of my portfolio. Also, if I can overcome fear in the moment, I plan to swap out of plain vanilla stock funds and into a 2X fund like SSO after the next big dip in the market, and then swap back out of SSO after the market recovers.
Disclaimer: Nothing here should be considered advice to buy or sell any security.
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