Updated List of Top posts for 2025

In August, I listed the Top EWED Posts of 2025.  Here are a few more highlights. This list is roughly based on web traffic, starting with the highest number of views for 2025, since the August list.  

  1. Our breakout post for the entire year is Jeremy Horpedahl with:

The Poverty Line is Not $140,000

It has been cited in the Washington Post and the Financial Times, and shared many times.

Mr. Green has understated typical family income by something like 70 percent. Knowing this fact alone would, I think, cause him to reconsider his entire essay. But it’s worse than that: he also overstates the amount of spending required to support a family!

Jeremy wrote a follow-up the next week: Poverty Lines Are Hard to Define, But Wherever You Set Them Americans Are Moving Up (And The “Valley of Death” is Less Important Than You Think)

2. James Bailey’s biggest hit this year is:

Writing Humanity’s Last Exam

What a great title!

3. Many have clicked on Jeremy’s Bad Claims About Food Stamps (SNAP)

On Twitter I joked that if it is true, you should just run all of GDP through SNAP and we could be 80% richer. But my joke isn’t quite fair, because it could be true at the margin, but the effects might dissipate at some point. At what point? Well, a key assumption by USDA’s model is that the recipients of SNAP benefits have a higher marginal propensity to consume than the average household…

4. Did you know that One-Third of US Families Earn Over $150,000

5. Have you wondered about: What is $300,000 from “The Gilded Age” Worth Today?

6. I rarely do this in top post roundups, but I’ll mention that Mike Makowsky’s post from 2022 generated a lot of interest this year, possibly because of the rise of interest in “agents”:  Why Agent-Based Modeling Never Happened in Economics

I, myself, am embarking on a research project about AI agents. More to come on that.

7. In case you struggle to accept that the world is getting better along at least some margins: The Growth of Family Income Isn’t Primarily Explained by the Rise of Dual-Income Families

8. Many people searched and found their answer from Scott Buchanan in: “Big Short” Michael Burry Closes Scion Hedge Fund: “Value” Approach Ceased to Add Value?

Funds are nearly always shut down because of underperformance, not overperformance.

9. Zachary Bartsch wrote: What is truth? The Bayesian Dawid-Skene Method

The Bayesian Dawid-Skene (henceforth DS) method helps to aggregate opinions and find the truth of a matter given very weak assumptions ex ante.

Is that what happens on a group blog? Trying to tie it all together.

10. A post from Zachary that I have shared with my students considering an economics major: What’s the Best Major to Prepare for Law School?

Money is not everything, but…

11. Not technically Jeremy’s top post, but I make this list and it made me laugh to see the title: Is Everyone Going to Europe This Summer?

Though don’t worry: not everyone went to Europe this summer, despite what social media might have you believe.

Just wait for my posts from Europe, people. I’ll get back there soon.

This cuts against the idea that all progress is just more people staring into their screens. Although, arguably, people travel for the social media engagement it generates. Sometimes I feel like my Facebook friends document their trips so thoroughly that I don’t even need to go.

12. I posted an update to our hallucinations result: Counting Hallucinations by Web-Enabled LLMs

13. Here is a take that could come back to make me look stupid in 10 years: Is AI learning just MOOCs again?

14. We have some readers who are also classroom teachers, so here is James: Why I Started Grading Attendance

15. I endorse this message from James: LinkedIn is OK, Actually

We are a little cringe here, too.

16. This post hasn’t had weeks to pick up a high views score, but Mike was one of the first to this paper, and I subsequently saw big accounts talking about it: Obviously baseline economic security matters, but…

If you asked me five years ago where a new UBI might, at the margin, have a zero effect, I would have picked a Nordic country, but still…

Our biggest source of web traffic is Google search. We get readers who click through links shared by our friends (thank you). And, something that’s way up in percentage terms is referral traffic from a certain “chatgpt.com” – 8 times more than in 2024.

Thanks to all the humans and others who read.

The End of Boredom: How AI Companions Might Reduce Random Violence

Joy writes: I read Co-Intelligence by Ethan Mollick (thanks to Samford for the free book). Most of it is old news for those of us who follow Ethan on social media and use ChatGPT. However, something that stood out to me was his mention of a study in which humans decide to give themselves a painful shock rather than sit alone in silence for 15 minutes.

Claude comments further based on my prompt:

The End of Boredom: How AI Companions Might Reduce Random Violence

Remember that study where people would rather shock themselves than sit alone with their thoughts? Ethan Mollick references it in Co-Intelligence, and it reveals something unsettling: 67% of men and 25% of women chose electric shocks over sitting quietly for just 15 minutes.

Here’s a strange thought—what if our AI-saturated future accidentally reduces certain types of violence simply by eliminating boredom?

The Violence-Boredom Connection

“Idle hands are the devil’s workshop” exists for a reason. Research has long linked boredom to risk-taking, substance abuse, and impulsive violence—the opportunistic kind that emerges from restlessness rather than planning. Young men starting fights on street corners, vandalism on summer nights, the restless energy that sometimes turns destructive—much of this stems from the unbearable weight of having nothing to do.

Enter Infinite Engagement

We’re rapidly approaching a world where boredom might become extinct. AI companions are becoming always available, infinitely patient, endlessly novel, and perfectly tailored to individual interests. Your future AI won’t just answer questions—it will debate philosophy at 3 AM, create personalized games, generate stories with you as the protagonist, or help explore any curiosity rabbit hole.

The cognitive void that once led people to shock themselves rather than think? It might simply cease to exist.

The Unexpected Benefits

Consider the implications: Young men who might have started fights out of restlessness could instead be deeply engaged in AI-assisted music production or coding projects. The same restless energy that manifests destructively could be channeled into creative collaboration.

AI companions could help process frustration before it builds to a breaking point—imagine having an infinitely patient listener during those dangerous 2 AM spirals of rage. While not replacing human connection, AI interaction might buffer the worst effects of isolation that can lead to radicalization.

The Dark Side

This isn’t utopian. An always-engaged society raises concerns: What happens to human relationships when AI companionship is always easier? Does constant stimulation atrophy our ability to self-reflect? Might we lose the creative insights that emerge from boredom?

Crucially, this would only address impulsive, boredom-driven violence. Systemic violence, ideological extremism, and deeper social problems won’t disappear because people have engaging AI companions.

A Strange New World

For the first time in history, boredom—that uncomfortable void that has driven both creativity and destruction—might become optional. The same species that chose shocks over silence is about to get exactly what it wanted: constant, meaningful stimulation.

Whether this leads to a more peaceful society or new problems we haven’t imagined remains to be seen. The question is whether we’ll recognize what we’ve lost only after it’s gone.

The experiment is already underway—we’re all participating in it.

Joy comments at the end: The AI-written essay is willing to explore downsides of AI engagement.

WSJ Guidance on Rate Cuts

With the government back open and a little more official data coming out, the WSJ reports a picture of the typical Fed dilemma ahead:

Hiring Defied Expectations in September, With 119,000 New Jobs

The latest data will likely do little to resolve the debate at the Federal Reserve, where some policymakers, wary of inflation, want to leave rates on hold, while others are pushing for a rate cut in December as insurance against a labor market deterioration.

Hawks can point to the bump up in job growth as a reason to postpone any further easing, while doves can focus on rise in the unemployment rate, as well as the general trend toward weaker job growth, as reasons to cut. Thursday’s report was the last official snapshot the Fed will see before the next rate-setting meeting in December. As a result of the shutdown, the Labor Department pushed back its release of the November jobs report to Dec. 16, the week after the rate decision.

“I’m sure we’ll see plenty of articles now claiming that AI is creating jobs, right?”

People who think there isn’t enough work to go around must not be moms or be fighting infertility.

Joy in French Magazine on Fast Fashion

The French magazine L’Express is widely read as magazines go. I was asked to give comments on fast fashion. An interview with me has been published in French at

Le regard de l’économiste Joy Buchanan sur Shein : “Les détracteurs de la fast fashion oublient souvent ses avantages sociaux”

Idées: Alors que Shein provoque une controverse nationale en France, l’économiste américaine invite à un regard nuancé sur la fast fashion, rappelant que le trop-plein de vêtements est un problème très récent dans l’histoire humaine.

Ideas: While Shein is causing a national controversy in France, the American economist urges a more nuanced view of fast fashion, reminding us that the overabundance of clothing is a very recent problem in human history.

I enjoyed talking with their reporter Thomas Mahler (kindly for me, in English). He informed me that French politicians are proposing to ban Shein from the country, meanwhile millions of people in France shop through Shein regularly.

Much overlap with my article: Fast Fashion, Global Trade, and Sustainable Abundance

Forget not that I also am featured in a French economics textbook for my drawing of a fat mouse. Vive la France!

Bright Mornings Help Parents

In the United States, most people just turned their clocks back one hour for the end of Daylight Saving Time. This annual ritual happens in fall when we “gain” an extra hour of sleep but also notice that the sun starts setting earlier in the evening.

For many of us, we get, once again, bright daylight at least 30 minutes before the kids are due at school. In most parts of the country, that means sunrise is now somewhere between 6:30 and 7:00 a.m. This helps families who are trying to get moving, find shoes, and make breakfast before the first bell rings. The morning light makes it feel to kids like the day is starting as opposed to Mom trying to “make them get up.”

Although every child and schedule is different, sunlight helps parents navigate the morning with their dependents.

I hear people complain every year that they can’t hang out with friends in the daylight after work once the clocks change. I understand that. It’s not easy to balance all these competing needs. If I were only in charge of myself, I could imagine getting up in total darkness and finishing work with a couple of hours of daylight left to enjoy. I think I could handle that just fine. But as a society, with kids, parents, teachers, bus drivers, and caregivers all trying to operate on a shared schedule, it seems reasonable to prioritize morning light. That’s when the essential stuff happens. If it helps parents, consider keeping it.

A last note for parents: If this system is going to work, turn off devices and screens at some reasonable time such as before 8:30pm. Otherwise, the world practically turning on its axis to help you (okay, I’m exaggerating) won’t do much good. The blue light from phones, tablets, and televisions suppresses melatonin, the hormone that helps us fall asleep, and tricks the brain into thinking it’s still daytime. As a bonus, if you were hoping your kid would read more, they might read before bed if it’s the only thing they are allowed to do. Reading a paper book with a normal light does not mess up the sleep schedule so much.

The brilliant thing about reading to kids who are in bed is that, if they aren’t paying attention, you can turn out the light and tell them they are going to sleep 5 minutes early.  This works best if it’s pitch-black dark outside at bedtime. Stop scrolling and go to sleep (if you are reading this after dark).

Some people deal with different circumstances close to the poles like seasonal depression. I have no advice about that, although the technology of sun-mimicking lamps is available. Maybe that’s why Americans are moving to the sun belt with air conditioning.

Interesting discussion and map on Twitter/X here https://x.com/benryanwriter/status/1985382840167457110?s=46

Fresh observations of Americans working hard

It has been over 100 years since GK Chesterton visited America. I wrote about his observations on the American “enthusiasm for work” for Liberty Fund.

Henry Oliver commented on much the same thing this week in The American art of being busy.

The whole place was as busy as a hive. It went on and on. Everyone was cheerful. No-one fussed and bothered.

And what of the Americans who are not allowed to work because of the government shutdown? Here is a guy who has rapidly found a way to work in DC again and seems “cheerful”: This furloughed IRS lawyer is living out his dream of being a hot dog vendor

This restlessness and energy likely has something to do with us being currently in the lead for the race to AI. Ho hum… building God while still having the equivalent of the GDP of a small country to drop on Halloween trinkets.

Podcast on the Major Macro Events Since Y2K

The latest Macro Musings is an episode I could recommend to students in a macroeconomics class.

Jim Clouse on the Last 4 Decades at the Most Powerful Central Bank in the World

Since the great depression is over, what are the big events of the 21st century for macroeconomics?

9/11 and shoring up bank confidence subsequently

The Great Recession and preceding mortgage crisis

Covid and subsequent stimulus

This conversation is a tour of the trade offs under consideration at the Central Bank at these pivotal moments in the 21st century.

Beckworth: I think this is where it’s important to do the right counterfactual. What could have been could have been far worse, right? If there hadn’t been these interventions, so it’s easy to criticize from the outside, and there’s a lot of criticisms the Fed received at this time. Not to say we would have gone all the way to the Great Depression, but the fact that it was possible, right, this financial system was crashing. 

MapGDP to teach economic growth

Economist Craig Paulsson has made a simple game free to all.

When you go to MapGDP.com you will find a real picture from Google Maps and a simple question. Guess the GDP/capita in the country where this picture was taken.

Watch his YouTube introduction

See Craig’s announcement about the game on his Substack

Many economics teachers will at some point visit the topic of “what is GDP” or “economic growth.” This web game is great for both topics. I put the website on my classroom projector and called on students to take the guess. We then could do the reveal together. I rate this high value for low effort from a teacher’s perspective.  No login or account creation required.

If you are an EWED reader and not an econ teacher, you might have fun playing the game yourself. Almost as satisfying as Wordle…

James Webb Telescope Still Orbiting the Sun

Last week I took kids to an excellent show at Samford’s Christenberry Planetarium. If you live in Alabama, follow them on Instagram for updates on events (often free).

I have heard people say that the liberal project is doomed because people just want to war.
Well, did you know that the James Webb Space Telescope orbits the sun? (I was busy on Christmas 2021 when the rest of the world was alerted to this fact.)

You can keep up with the mission here https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/

You can see what is Webb observing

Make discoveries through international collaboration, not war.

For a small number of readers who have time and interest in cutting edge physics and speculation, I know Julian Gough through Emergent Ventures and he’s at : “man-made black holes, the hidden catastrophe at the heart of materialist science