Politics

Culture Parenting Chatter

Joy BuchananLeave a comment

I’ve been traveling. Here are some things I noticed (on the internet, not on my travels). (On my travels I learned that rental golf carts are as fun as they look.)

  1. “Jennifer Aniston slams JD Vance over ‘childless cat ladies’ comment from resurfaced interview“

2. This is a poastmodern election. “Campaigners use the internet medium to dunk on their opponents instead of offer solutions to problems.”

“deeply online left wing instagram women are meeting, for the first time ever, deeply online right wing twitter guys. both have developed intricate, sacred language foreign to the other. both are waging war they thought already won. fyi in case you’re wondering about the meltdown”

I thought that meeting happened months ago with the “bear in the woods” discourse.

3. If it wasn’t so serious, American politics would be too funny for television.

4. This woman who gave up professional dancing and now has 8 kids.

One does wonder if the skills that get a person into Julliard relate to the ability to turn family into an Instagram sensation. Is this Ambitious Parenting?

“My day with the trad wife queen and what it taught me” This article about Ballerina Farm reads like the anti-“Hannah’s Children” (reviewed by my former student here)

Hannah Neeleman, the mom at Ballerina Farm, has told her story in what appears to be her own words here: https://ballerinafarm.com/pages/about-us Neeleman says that when she was living in Brazil, she would vacation at, “farms and ranches. A place where you could eat farm fresh cheeses and meats, learn about animals, watch chores being done, etc. We were hooked.” I’m tempted to say that it’s weird to say she was into watching other people do chores. But maybe the word “weird” just has lost all meaning after this week.

Jeremiah Johnson points out that, “It doesn’t matter that their farm isn’t a very productive farm, because the husband’s family founded JetBlue.” My take is that these are rich people who are taking a reality-show approach to their lives like wholesome Kardashians. The Neelemans are into watching people do farm chores. (Yes, they do chores themselves, too, but clearly a large professional staff runs the place.) Good for them. As I said at the beginning, I’m into renting golf carts now.

Venezuelans Vote Overwhelmingly Against Maduro

James BaileyLeave a comment

Venezuela held an election this week; President Maduro says he won, while the opposition and independent observers say he lost. Disputed elections like this are fairly common across the world, but where Venezuela really stands out is not how people vote at the ballot box- it is how they vote with their feet.

Reuters notes that “A Maduro win could spur more migration from Venezuela, once the continent’s wealthiest country, which in recent years has seen a third of its population leave.”

I don’t think we emphasize enough how crazy the scale of this is. After every US Presidential election, you hear some people who supported the losing side talk about leaving the country, but they almost never do. Leaving your home country behind is a dramatic step, one people only want to take if they think things are much better elsewhere. The US, even with a party you don’t like in power, has generally stayed a good place to live. The total number of Americans who have moved abroad for any reason (I would guess most feel more pulled by the host country rather than pushed by the US) is about 3 million. That is less than 1% of all Americans; by contrast more than 46 million people have immigrated to the US from other countries, and many more would come if we allowed it.

Even in poor countries, seeing anything like one third of the population leave is dramatic, especially when almost all the migration happens in only 10 years as in Venezuela:

Source. Note this only goes through 2020, and emigration has grown since

This makes Venezuela the largest refugee crisis in the history of the Americas, and depending on how you count the partition of India, perhaps the largest refugee crisis in human history that was not triggered by an invasion or civil war.

Instead, it has been triggered by the Maduro regime choosing terrible policies that have needlessly and dramatically impoverished the country:

I hope that the Venezuelan government will soon come to represent the will of its people. I’m not sure how that is likely to happen, though I guess positive change is mostly likely to come from Venezuelans themselves (perhaps with help from Colombia and Brazil); when the US tries to play a bigger role we often make things worse. But what has happened in Venezuela for the past 10 years is clearly much worse than the “normal” bad economic policies and even democratic backsliding that we see elsewhere. People everywhere complain about election results and economic policy, but nowhere else have I seen such a case of people going past simple cheap talk, taking the very expensive step of voting against the regime with their feet.

Market Preserving Federalism in the USA

Zachary Bartsch3 Comments

One of my favorite economic journal articles is by Barry Weingast and has the short title “Market Preserving Federalism” (MPF). In this paper, Weingast lays out the conditions necessary for two tenuous equilibria: A) Federalism  & B) Federalism that preserves a market economy.  Given that we just celebrated Independence Day in the USA, it seems to me like a good opportunity to share some brief thoughts on this paper. I’ll speak in terms of the US for ease.

Weingast enumerates 5 features for MPF, starting with two that characterize a stable federalism:

F1) A hierarchy of governments, that is, at least “two levels of governments rule the same land and people,” each with a delineated scope of authority so that each level of government is autonomous in its own, well-defined sphere of political authority

F2) The autonomy of each government is institutionalized in a manner that makes federalism’s restrictions self-enforcing

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Goodbye, Chevron

James BaileyLeave a comment

Last Friday the Supreme Court overturned the doctrine of Chevron deference as part of its ruling in Loper Bright Enterprises v Raimondo. This might not have even been their most discussed ruling of the past week, but in my (non-lawyerly) opinion, there is a good chance it will be their most economically impactful ruling of the past decade. SCOTUSblog explains the basics:

the Supreme Court on Friday cut back sharply on the power of federal agencies to interpret the laws they administer and ruled that courts should rely on their own interpretation of ambiguous laws. The decision will likely have far-reaching effects across the country, from environmental regulation to healthcare costs.

By a vote of 6-3, the justices overruled their landmark 1984 decision in Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council, which gave rise to the doctrine known as the Chevron doctrine. Under that doctrine, if Congress has not directly addressed the question at the center of a dispute, a court was required to uphold the agency’s interpretation of the statute as long as it was reasonable. But in a 35-page ruling by Chief Justice John Roberts, the justices rejected that doctrine, calling it “fundamentally misguided.”

Justice Elena Kagan dissented, in an opinion joined by Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Ketanji Brown Jackson. Kagan predicted that Friday’s ruling “will cause a massive shock to the legal system.”

When the Supreme Court first issued its decision in the Chevron case more than 40 years ago, the decision was not necessarily regarded as a particularly consequential one. But in the years since then, it became one of the most important rulings on federal administrative law, cited by federal courts more than 18,000 times.

The most common reaction I’ve seen is that people expect this to reduce the power of executive branch agencies, both in general and relative to courts and businesses, likely resulting in deregulation. Thus those on the economic left have been mostly decrying the decisions, while free–marketers and businesspeople have mostly been celebrating:

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Who Will Be the Democratic Presidential Candidate? Follow the Money (Betting Markets)

Jeremy Horpedahl3 Comments

Back in January I encouraged you to follow the money in the Presidential race, by which I meant follow the betting markets. I suggested this was a good way to cut through the sometimes inaccuracy of polls, and the uncertainty of listening to any one expert or group of experts. Bettors in prediction markets can take all of these into account.

Lately of course the big question in the Presidential race is whether Biden will actually be the Democratic nominee. There is much uncertainty right now, and you will all kinds of predictions from experts, media quoting “inside sources,” and other such rumors. How are you, as a relatively uninformed outsider, supposed to know who to trust?

The answer again I will suggest is: watch the betting markets. And if you check the betting markets today (aggregated across multiple markets by EletionBettingOdds.com), you will see that Biden and Kamala Harris have roughly equal chances of becoming the next President (and Trump is about a 60% favorite):

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Follow the Money in Politics

Jeremy Horpedahl5 Comments

As we enter election season, I can sympathize with those that want to ignore it as much as possible. But if you do want to follow it closely, here is my advice: talk is cheap, so follow the money.

And by money, I am not referring to campaign contributions. I mean prediction markets, where people are putting their money where their mouth is, rather than just making predictions based on their own intuition (or their own “model,” which is just a fancy intuition).

There are a number of betting markets online today, but a good aggregator of them is Election Betting Odds.

For example, here is their current prediction for which party will win the Presidency:

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OpenAI, IZA, and The Limits of Formal Power

James BaileyLeave a comment

Companies and non-profit organizations tend to be managed day-to-day by a CEO, but are officially run by a board with the legal power to replace the CEO and make all manner of changes to the company. But last week saw two striking demonstrations that corporate boards’ actual power can be much weaker than it is on paper.

The big headlines, as well as our coverage, focused on the bizarre episode where OpenAI, the one of the hottest companies (technically, non-profits) of the year, fired their CEO Sam Altman. They said it was because he was not “consistently candid with the board”, but refused to elaborate on what they meant by this; they said a few things it was not but still not what really motivated them.

Technically it is their call and they don’t have to convince anyone else, but in practice their workers and other partners can all walk away if they dislike the board’s decisions enough, leaving the board in charge of an empty shell. This was starting to happen, with the vast majority of workers threatening to walk out if the board didn’t reverse their decision, and their partner Microsoft ready to poach Sam Altman and anyone else who left.

After burning through two interim CEOs who lasted two days each, the board brought back ousted CEO Sam Altman. Formally, the big change was board member Ilya Sutskever switching sides, but the blowback was enough to get several board members to resign and agree to being replaced by new members more favored by the workers (including, oddly, economist Larry Summers).

A similar story played out at IZA last week, though it mostly went under the radar outside of economics circles. IZA (aka the Institute for Labor Economics) is a German non-profit that runs the world’s largest organization of labor economists. While they have a few dozen direct employees, what makes them stand out is their network of affiliated researchers around the world, which I had hoped to join someday:

Our global research network ist the largest in labor economics. It consists of more than 2,000 experienced Research Fellows und young Research Affiliates from more than 450 research institutions in the field.

But as with OpenAI, the IZA board decided to get rid of their well-liked CEO. Here at least some of their reasons were clear: they lost their major funding source and so decided to merge IZA with another German research institute, briq. Their big misstep was choosing for the combined entity to be run by the the much-disliked head of the smaller, newer merger partner briq (Armin Falk), instead of the well-liked head of the larger partner IZA (Simon Jaeger). Like with OpenAI, hundreds of members of the organization (though in this case external affiliates not employees, and not a majority) threatened to quit if the board went through with their decision. Like with OpenAI, this informal power won out as Armin Falk backed off of his plan to become IZA CEO.

Each story has many important details I won’t go into, and many potential lessons. But I see three common lessons between them. First is the limits to formal power; the board rules the company, but a company is nothing without its people, and they can leave if they dislike the board enough. Second, and following directly from this, is that having a good board is important. Finally, workers can organize very rapidly in the internet age. At OpenAI nearly all its employees signed onto the resignation threat within two days, because the organizers could simply email everyone a Google Doc with the letter. Organizers of the IZA letter were able to get hundreds of affiliates to sign on the same way despite the affiliates being scattered all across the world. In both cases there was no formal union threatening a strike; it was the simple but powerful use of informal power: the voice and threatened exit of the people, organized and amplified through the internet.

Poland’s Electoral Catalyst

James BaileyLeave a comment

The latest Global Valuation update this week shows that Poland (along with Colombia) has some of the world’s cheapest stocks. Their overall Price to Earnings ratio is 8, compared to 28 for the US:

Does this mean Polish stocks are a good deal, or that investors are rationally discounting them as being risky or slow-growing? After all, they had a low P/E ratio last time I wrote about them too.

Stocks can rise either based on higher investor expectations (higher P/Es) or improved fundamentals (earnings rise, investors see this and bid up the price, but only enough to keep the P/E ratio roughly constant). Over the past year Polish stocks have done the latter; I bought EPOL (the only ETF I know of that focuses Poland) a year ago because its P/E was about 6. Since then its up 70% and the P/E is still… about 6.

Why haven’t investors been excited enough about this earnings growth to bid up the valuation? I think the biggest concern has been political risk, given that the ruling Law and Justice party has been alienating the EU and arguably undermining the rule of law and finding pretexts to arrest businessmen critical of the government.

The recent Polish election promises to change all this. A coalition of ‘centrist’ opposition parties won enough votes to oust the current government, and Washington, the EU, and business seem relieved:

As Europe’s sixth-largest economy, a revitalised pro-EU attitude in Poland would be particularly welcome.

“It will be a positive development for sure because it will unlock the (EU) money that has been withheld and reduce a lot of the tension that has been created with Brussels,” said Daniel Moreno, head of emerging markets debt at investment firm Mirabaud.

Some 110 billion euros ($116 billion) earmarked for Poland from the EU’s long-term budget and the post-pandemic Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) remain frozen due to PiS’ record of undercutting liberal democratic rules.

The case for optimism is an influx of EU funds, less risk for business, and an appetite for higher valuations among Western investors who no longer dislike the government.

Being an economist I also have to give you the “other hand”, the case for pessimism: the new government hasn’t actually formed yet, meaning the current one still has the chance for shenanigans; population growth has been strong recently with the influx of Ukrainian refugees, but it is likely to go negative again soon; and EPOL is almost half financial services, which have relatively low P/E even in the US right now.

Nothing is guaranteed but this is my favorite bet right now. I find it amusing that this “risky” emerging market has had a great year while “safe” US Treasury bonds are having a record drawdown (easy to be amused when I don’t own any long bonds and they have done surprisingly little damage in terms of blowing up financial institutions so far). I emphasize the investing angle here but hopefully this signals a bright future for the Polish people.

Disclaimers: Not investment advice, I’m talking my book (long EPOL), I’ve never been to Poland and I’m judging their politics based on Western media reports

The Inner Ring and Barbie and Academia

Joy Buchanan3 Comments

C.S. Lewis is known as a novelist, but he was an academic familiar with university politics. In 1944, he gave a lectured called “The Inner Ring” about how everyone wants to be accepted into an “inner ring” of friends or colleagues. Being on the fringes of a group can be a source of misery.

My main purpose in this address is simply to convince you that this desire is one of the great permanent mainsprings of human action. It is one of the factors which go to make up the world as we know it—this whole pell-mell of struggle, competition, confusion, graft, disappointment… Unless you take measures to prevent it, this desire is going to be one of the chief motives of your life, from the first day on which you enter your profession…

To a young person, just entering on adult life, the world seems full of “insides,” full of delightful intimacies and confidentialities, and he desires to enter them. But if he follows that desire he will reach no “inside” that is worth reaching.

I’ll list the items that got me thinking about “the inner ring”.

This week, Alex posted on Misandry. Are men starting to feel like it is actually the women who are in the inner ring and men are on the outside?

I’ll share a story in which I felt like I was not in the inner ring. Before I had a job, I was at a professional conference. A colleague invited me to go out with him and some guys to a cigar shop that evening. “Yes!” I said at first, because this sounded both fun and good for my career. Then I remembered that I was three months pregnant. Smoking would damage the baby’s health, so I awkwardly backed out of the event. Of course, this is not a big deal in retrospect, but it’s the kind of thing that can bother you if you obsess over the rings you can’t join.

Women have long felt like they were on the outside of the boy’s club. “Is everyone smoking cigars without me?” The second item in reverse chronological order is the Barbie movie. In the movie, the top-floor meeting room of male executives at the L.A. Mattel office represents the male inner ring. The cul-de-sac of pink dream houses in Barbieland represents the female inner ring. Every character in the movie feels left out of a ring. In the article I was pointed to by Alex, John Tierney writes, “Smug misandry has been box-office gold for Barbie, which delights in writing off men as hapless romantic partners, leering jerks, violent buffoons, and dimwitted tyrants who ought to let women run the world.”

Several posts by my excellent co-bloggers are related to being left out of opportunities for networking or funding. Click through if you want to learn more about the NBER, the dark side, or grants.

The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) sent out its membership invitations this week. My twitter timeline quickly filled with explicit congratulations and oblique commentary. My private messages filled with…less than oblique commentary. Academia has always been hierarchical and economics has never been an exception.

Let’s Talk about the NBER, Mike

In my early days, I innocently asked a researcher what the letters N.B.E.R. stood for. He remarked that it was a “money laundering scheme run out of Boston.” I essentially took him literally, because I didn’t know any better, at the time. It is easy to tell that he was never invited to be a member, else he would have described it positively.

The bureaucratic and scholarly gamesmanship that can hold back one paper and elevate another. Every story your paranoid lizard brain can dream up explaining why a node in the tournament decision tree turned against you and in another’s favor.

On EJMR, status competitions, and tapeworms, Mike

I may have lost count but I’m pretty sure this was the 13th “true grant” I have applied for, and the 1st I will actually receive.

13th Time’s A Charm: Finally Grant Funded, James

It’s always nice, rhetorically speaking, to end on a positive note. That’s what Lewis did in his lecture. He said that there is a form of human association that is rewarding and virtuous: true friendship. Have a good weekend, friends.

Everyone Happy? Student Loan Repayment

Zachary Bartsch3 Comments

I like a good lump sum tax. People *must* pay the tax without exception and the advantage over current progressive marginal income taxes is that the marginal wage received doesn’t fall with greater earnings. Employment rises and output rises. To the extent that college students fail to understand their student loans, the indebted graduates essentially pay a lump sum tax each period.

Of course, the exception is income based repayment (IBR) – especially with forgiveness after X years. IBR adjusts the incentives substantially. Under the standard system, your wages are garnished if you fail to make loan payments. Under IBR, lower earnings trigger lower monthly payments. Clearly, in contrast to the standard method, IBR incentivizes more leisure, less income, more black market activity, and higher loan balances. Indeed, all the more so if there is a forgiveness horizon. Someone just has to have low enough income for say 15 years, and their past debt is forgiven (with caveats & conditions).

My principal objection to IBR policy is the resulting malinvestment in human capital. Defaulting on loans is a sign that some investment was inadequately productive to repay the resources consumed by its endeavor. We call that a loss. Real resources of time, attention, and goods and services were consumed in order to produce capital that failed to serve others more than the opportunity cost of those resources.

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